Characterization of phenolic compounds, anthocyanidin, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of 25 varieties of Mexican Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

I. Borrás-Linares, S. Fernández-Arroyo, D. Arráez-Roman, P.A. Palmeros-Suárez, R. Del Val-Díaz, I. Andrade-Gonzáles, A. Fernández-Gutiérrez, J.F. Gómez-Leyva, A. Segura-Carretero

Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain.

Abstract

This study reports the phytochemical profile (phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins), the antioxidant capacity and the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts of a collection of 25 Mexican Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hs) varieties with different calyx color intensities, from green–yellow to deep red, cultivated in the same condition. A great variety of phenolic compounds were identified in the different extracts using HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS, mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanidin, some of which have been described for the first time. The total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanidin contents showed great variation in the different Hs extracts, ranging from 2400 ± 300 to 10,000 ± 400 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g dry calyx (dc), from 419 ± 2 to 2260 ± 70 mg quercetin/100 g dc, and from 0 to 4408 mg/100 g dc with different ratios of delphinidin:cyanidin, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay presented the same behavior, with values that varied from 27.4 ± 0.3 to 112 ± 8 mol equivalent trolox/g dc. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the HS extracts was assayed against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) microorganisms, demonstrating that the ethanol extracts were effective against all the bacterial strains tested, showing a greater effect against Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, a multivariate analysis for the classification of the Hs varieties has been carried out based on the anthocyanidin content. The results reported in this paper shows for the first time antibacterial and phytochemistry diversity of the different varieties of Hs, which highlights the importance of a correct description of Hs materials used in research papers.

Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa; Anthocyanins; Phenolic compounds; Antimicrobial activity; HPLC-AD-ESI-TOF-MS.