A review on various electrochemical techniques for heavy metal ions detection with different sensing platforms

Buddhike Neminda Madanayake, Suyin Gan, Carol Eastwick, Hoon Kiat Ng

Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

Abstract

Biomass co-firing is recognised as a crucial technology to aid in curbing the use of fossil fuels, particularly due to its relative ease of implementation. This article provides an introduction to biomass and its use as a fuel – as with any fuel, this includes its characterisation and energy conversion. Key fuel properties, both chemical and thermochemical, are described. Combustion is the energy conversion technique that is focused on; the implications of biomass co-firing are discussed along with an overview of current co-firing technology. Biomass pre-treatment techniques are identified as a means of alleviating some of the drawbacks of co-firing, and this is the chief focus of this paper. A comprehensive review is carried out on torrefaction and leaching, which aim to enhance the physical/thermochemical and chemical properties of the biomass, respectively. Milling and pelletising are also looked at. Additionally, the practical aspects of implementing biomass pre-treatment are explored, and areas where further research work is needed are identified. The final section of the review is concerned with CO₂ avoidance, which is one of the key drivers behind adopting biomass co-firing.

Keywords: Biomass; Pre-treatment; Co-firing; Torrefaction; Leaching.