Identifying the sources of nitrate contamination of groundwater in an agricultural area (Haean basin, Korea) using isotope and microbial community analyses

Heejung Kim, Dugin Kaown, Bernhard Mayer, Jin-Yong Lee, Yunjung Hyun, Kang-Kun Lee

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (BK21 SEES), Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, South Korea.

Abstract

An integrated study based on hydrogeochemical, microbiological and dual isotopic approaches for nitrate and sulfate was conducted to elucidate sources and biogeochemical reactions governing groundwater contaminants in different seasons and under different land use in a basin of Korea. The land use in the study area is comprised of forests (58.0%), vegetable fields (27.6%), rice paddy fields (11.4%) and others (3.0%). The concentrations of NO₃-N and SO₄²− in groundwater in vegetable fields were highest with 4.2–15.2 mg L^-1 and 1.6–19.7 mg L^-1 respectively, whereas under paddy fields NO₃–N concentrations ranged from 0 to 10.7 mg L^-1 and sulfate concentrations were ~ 15 mg L^-1. Groundwater with high NO₃–N concentrations of > 10 mg L^-1 had δ¹⁵N–NO₃− values ranging from 5.2 to 5.9‰ and δ¹⁸O values of nitrate between 2.7 and 4.6‰ suggesting that the nitrate was mineralized from soil organic matter that was amended by fertilizer additions. Elevated concentrations of SO₄²− with δ³⁴S–SO₄²− values between 1 and 6‰ in aquifers in vegetable fields indicated that a mixture of sulfate from atmospheric deposition, mineralization of soil organic matter and from synthetic fertilizers is the source of groundwater sulfate. Elevated δ¹⁸O–NO₃− and δ¹⁸O–SO₄²−values in samples collected from the paddy fields indicated that denitrification and bacterial sulfate reduction are actively occurring removing sulfate and nitrate from the groundwater. This was supported by high occurrences of denitrifying and sulfate reducing bacteria in groundwater of the paddy fields as evidenced by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing analysis. This study shows that dual isotope techniques combined with microbial data can be a powerful tool for identification of sources and microbial processes affecting NO₃− and SO₄²− in groundwater in areas with intensive agricultural land use.

Keywords: Nitrate; Sulfate; Stable isotopes; Microbial communities; Land use; Agriculture.